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A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average <t>ubiquitin</t> signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.
Ubiquitin Antibody, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average <t>ubiquitin</t> signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.
Mini Protean Tgx Gel Bio Rad, supplied by Bio-Rad, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average <t>ubiquitin</t> signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.
Lowrey Method, supplied by Bio-Rad, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 97/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average <t>ubiquitin</t> signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.
Frozen Ez Yeast Transformation Ii Kit Zymo Research, supplied by Zymo Research, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average <t>ubiquitin</t> signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.
5000112 Tumor Dissociation Kit Miltenyi Cat, supplied by Miltenyi Biotec, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 98/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average <t>ubiquitin</t> signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.
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A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average <t>ubiquitin</t> signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.
Cell Lines A431 Cells Atcc, supplied by ATCC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 98/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average <t>ubiquitin</t> signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.
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Image Search Results


A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average ubiquitin signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.

Journal: microPublication Biology

Article Title: cnnm-5 knockdown improves proteostasis of mutant Huntingtin protein in C. elegans

doi: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001497

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Day 1 EAK103 adults developed on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i at 25°C, zoomed in on the head region. Puncta indicate accumulation of mHTT tagged with YFP. Fluorescent images were taken using the GFP filter on the stereoscope at 63x. Scale bar indicates 500μm. B) MAH215 nematodes were imaged on Day 1 of adulthood after development at 25°C on L4440 (control) or cnnm-5 i. The green channel shows autophagosomes only (AP), and the red channel shows both autophagosomes and autolysosomes (AP + AL). Average autophagy levels in MAH215 L4440 or cnnm-5 i were quantified using ImageJ, p<0.05. Images in A & B are representative of three trials. C) Levels of ubiquitinated proteins in WT (lanes 1 & 2-biological replicates) and VC4126 (triple mutant strain that includes a nonsense mutation in cnnm-5 ) (lanes 3 & 3, technical replicates) on OP50 and EAK102 and EAK103 on control (L4440) ( EAK102 lanes 4-6, EAK103 lanes 10-12, biological triplicates) or cnnm-5 i ( EAK102 lanes 7-9, EAK103 lanes 13-15, biological triplicates). Beta-actin is shown as the loading control. The average ubiquitin signal was quantified and normalized to beta-actin. Two-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine p value: N2 vs VC4126 p=0.65; EAK102 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.03 (*significant); EAK103 L4440 vs cnnm-5 i p=0.27. Fold change of normalized ubiquitin signal is based on comparison to the appropriate non- cnnm-5 -modified control (color matched). D) Survival curve of nematodes that survived each day of adulthood at 25°C. N2 and VC4126 were grown on OP50 , and EAK102 and EAK103 were developed and maintained on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. n=100 worms per condition. A chi-square test was performed to determine significance, *p<0.05. E) Percent of GMC101 nematodes that were paralyzed at adulthood Day 4 after 72 hours under heat stress (25°C) developed and grown on control (L4440) or cnnm-5 i. Each dot represents a separate trial (n>20 per trial). Bar within box represents the mean of all trials, and the whiskers represent standard error. One-tailed Student's t -test was performed to determine significance, *p=0.042.

Article Snippet: Worm bleach: 0.22M Sodium Hypochlorite and 0.786M Potassium Hydroxide in Millipore-filtered water Protein Quantification Assay Reagents (DC BCA): Bio Rad Catalog #5000112 Ubiquitin antibody: Proteintech Catalog #10201-2-AP Beta-actin antibody: Proteintech Catalog #81115-1-RR WesternSure Goat anti-rabbit HRP secondary: Licor Catalog #926-80011 SuperSignalTM West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate: Fisher Catalog #34094 Sodium Azide : Fisher Catalog #S0489100G C. elegans strains: All strains were provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC), which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440).

Techniques: Control, Mutagenesis, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Two Tailed Test, Comparison, Modification, One-tailed Test